CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Vending
machine, machine that sales food, drinks etc when coin is inserted, simple
vending machines require that the exact amount of money for a particular item.
The word vending means selling, this word comes from Greek.
Vending
machines mainly supply food and are found in hotels, transportation terminals,
and instaurations. An important component of vending machine is the mechanism
that accepts and determines the value of inserted coin. When coins or tokens
are inserted a series of tests determines the dimensions, weight, electric
properties, and magnetic properties of the money, a coin or token that fails
any test is rejected. If the coin or token is accepted, its value is determined
from the data acquired
Through
the tests. This is the project on “microcontroller based vending machine”,
basically the project is divided into three parts, the first part is mechanical
part (coin unit) i.e. used to sense coin. Another part consists of EPROM
programming which is implemented through microcontroller. The display unit
display information, according to that information, microcontroller gives input
signal to the drink output unit. In this project we have tried to design a low
cost, accurate and portable vending machine that cam sale cold drinks
automatically. This project is based on the embedded system also called the
smart system. An embedded system is a special purpose computer system built a
large device. It is the hardware and software that form a component of large
system. An expected to function without human intervention an embedded system
is required to meet different requirement than a general purpose personal
computer. Embedded system often used a slow processor and small memory to
minimize the cost.
1.2
Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives
With
regards to the popularity of vending machine in global market, the concept of
project is evolved. As per the business trend of our Nepalese Society, Vending
machine is totally a new concept. It is not widely used here. So for
enhancement of technology in our society and for its further application, the
project idea has been designed. Our project can be simply viewed as the machine
that vends cold drinks in cup. Here we have facility of vending two different
types of liquids. Generally in market it is found that products are vend as per
the pet bottle but with regard to the customer desire, this machine helps to
dispense as per necessary. It is user friendly and very simple in operation. Its
simplicity within the complexity is its main feature. Commercially over
viewing, the main objective of our project is to launch new technology’s
application in the society. The project has vision that this may be the
milestone product of technology in the Nepalese Market.
1.4 Methodology
Project
development is not an easy task. It requires thorough study of the various
component and their outcomes. The project is effective only if it can fulfill
the objective that it aim to provide
The
project is implemented using various that are organized in a specific way so
that the device is small and portable. Each component has a specific function
to perform. Our project is basically divided into three parts: mechanical,
electronics and display unit. This part consists of various components, which
are as follows.
Photo-Diode
Voltage
regulator (7805)
Microcontroller
(AT89s52)
Oscillator
LED
Capacitor
Resistor
LCD
Water-pump
Power
MOSFETs
Switch
Connecting
wires
The
circuit diagram using these components is shown below.
1.4.1
Coin unit
Coin
unit consist of coin box, lever, spring and coin slider. Coin slider and spring
holds coin until the lever is pulled. When lever is pulled then coin falls down
in a coin box. Coin unit is constructed in such a way that when coin is entered
in a coin slider, it blocks the light which comes from light source and then
photo diode become high resistance. When lever is pulled, light falls on photo
diode which cause the resistivity of photo diode decreases to low resistance.
1.4.2 Microcontroller
The
digital signal and switches are interpreted by the program burn in
microcontroller and is converted to the form understood by LCD. The program is
written based on C-compiler.
1.4.3
Flowchart
1.4.4
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
LCD
consists of three control lines, resistor select (RS), read/write (R/W) and
enable (E). When RS is low, LCD is in command mode otherwise in data mode.
Similarly, when the R/W is high to low transition, LCD is in write mode
otherwise in read mode. The control bit enable (E) is set high to display the
data. Here, RS (pin4), R/W(pin5) and E(9pin6) are connected to pin number
10,11, and 12 of port 3 of the microcontroller respectively. To implement this
logic following algorithm is considered.
1.4.4.1
For Command Mode
1:
Set port for command mode
P3_0←
0
2:
Set port
P2←
val
P3_2←1
Delay(
)
P3_2←0
3: [Finished]
1.4.4.2
For Data mode
1:
Set port for data mode
P3_0←1
2:
Set port
P2←
val
P3_2
←1
Delay
( )
P3_2←0
3: [Finished]
1.5
Power Supply
Since
microcontroller (AT89S52), LCD operate on 5v dc supply, we have used 7805
regulator and 0.01 microfarad capacitor that generate constant output voltage
+5 volts, output current capability of 100mA. Similarly motor driver required
higher voltage, which is supplied by 12v dc supply, for the purpose we have
used 7812 regulator. The regulator is supplied with 8 to 18 volts from a dc
source. The circuit diagram is shown below.
Fig:
1.1 circuit diagram of power supply
5.6
Software Tools Used
To
write the program , we have used C compiler. After writing the program it is
tested in a simulator. If the output of the simulator is correct, it is burn on
microcontroller using programmer. The software tools used are:
Compiler:
KEIL
Simulator:
Proteus
Programmer:
ISP
CHAPTER
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
In
Today’s world of technology only one can move forward if you go with the flow
otherwise you will lag behind. The technical studies in its term has tried and
still trying to make human life more convenient and feasible. In this course,
many more discoveries has been done and many more challenges has been faced and
even more to come. On the contrary, in this race of technology with
machineries, we still doubt that we are using them or they are using us? We
have to take in consider this factor too. Though the world is enhancing in the
level of automation, even human seems to be robots. We, by nature like good
results, easy way out, and luxury though but we just accept it but our issue is
whether we have analyzed the product of technology. In the crowd of
mechanization and automation vending machine also has created a small niche.
The
concept has been developed from the 1st century engineer. Hero if Alexandria. The main
objective at that time was to dispense fixed amount of holy water and then
continued its modification journey mostly commercially.
Vending
machine is used mostly for food and beverages and applied mostly in public
places. Some if the literature related to it is discussed here by. Many more
articles related to the machine are being published. As per the article published
in wikipedia dated 2/7/2009; various aspects of the commercial issues have been
discussed. How simple concept to the highly commercial innovation can be done?
Doug M.Sanford of Vending times notes that “many vendors today do not remember
the urgency with which industry leaders called on their peers to install coin
mechanisms that held the patron’s money in escrow until the vend was made; to
post a telephone number that a customer could call to report a failure and
request a refund; to make sure their drivers were cleaning the machine
adequately and replacing burnt-out lamps; and so on and on”. More recent
innovations include improved coin and bill validation and the rapid adoption of
sense-and-feedback system to verify that the vend was made.
One
of the newest vending innovations is telemetry. According to Michael Kasavana,
National Automatic Merchandising Association Endowed Professor at The School
for Hospitality Business Michigan
State University,
the advent of reliable, affordable wireless technology has made telemetry
practical and provided the medium through which cashless payments can be
authenticated. This is important because research shows that 50% of consumers
will not make a purchase from a vending machine if its “use exact change only”
light is on. Machines equipped with telemetry can transmit sales and inventory
data to a route truck in the parking lot so that the driver knows exactly what
products to bring in for restocking. Or the data can be transmitted to a remote
headquarters for use in scheduling a route stop, detecting component failure or
verifying collection information. Telemetry could be one of the most
significant developers in vending technology since the invention of the bill
changer.
Most
modern vending machine have been extensively tested and designed to inhibit
theft. Many of these machines are designed essentially as large safes. Every
year, a few people are killed when machines topple over on them, either while
trying to steal from them, or venting frustration on them, especially when a
malfunction causes the machine to fail to dispense the purchased item or the
proper change. An article in the journal of the American Medical Association
(11 November 1988, p.2697) documents 15 cases in which men trying to get a can
out of the machine were crushed. Three died the other 12 required
hospitalizations for injuries such as fractures of the skull, toe, ankle, and
tibia and pelvis intracerebral bleeding, knee contusion; and one punctured
bladder. The articles states that because the soft drinks are located in the
upper half of the machine (so that they can fall into the dispensing slot), the
center of gravity of the machine is abnormally high, and the machine will fall
after it has been tipped only 20 degrees, a deceptively small angle. A large,
fully loaded soft drink machine can weigh over 400 kg.
In
Japan,
with a high population density, limited space, a preference for shopping on
foot or by bicycle and low rates of vandalism and petty cry, there seems to be
no limit to what is sold by vending machines. While the majority of machines in
Japan
are stocked with drinks, snacks, and cigarettes, one occasionally finds vending
machine selling items such as bottles of liquor, cans of beer, fried food,
underwear, ipods, magazines per capita, with about one machine for every 23
people. So this machine plays vital role in its implementation. As per the
interpretive article published in jreast.co.jp by Kazuhiro Nakamura, research
and development center of JR East Group entitled,’ Transition ion railway
ticket vending machine. Greater convenience to the passengers. With direct to
his words they have 5000 ticket vending machines installed at present. Since
the advent of the first ticket vending machine in about 1925,they have reached
the current genre of ticket vending machine after a great deal of modifications
and improvements. Looking back on the engineering history, this paper
introduces various changes from the viewpoint of passengers and discusses what
ticket vending machines should be like in the future.
On
reviewing these short listed literatures published, we being a technical
student made an Endeavour to make a vending machine as our final year project.
The project seemed to us a complete package of electronically, mechanical and
electrical fields. This is not only a project requirement but also an approach
to build a mile stone in technology in our Nepalese Society.
2.1 Component
description:
2.1.1 Microcontroller:
Microcontroller is a programmable single chip that controls the process or a system. Microcontroller is often referred to as single chip device or single chip computer that incorporates all the basic components of a personal computer in much smaller scale. Microcontroller is typically used as embedded controller where it controllers a part of a larger system such as an appliance, automobile, scientific instruments or a computer peripheral.
Microcontroller is a programmable single chip that controls the process or a system. Microcontroller is often referred to as single chip device or single chip computer that incorporates all the basic components of a personal computer in much smaller scale. Microcontroller is typically used as embedded controller where it controllers a part of a larger system such as an appliance, automobile, scientific instruments or a computer peripheral.
Physically a
microcontroller is an integrated circuit with pins along each side. The pins
presented by a microcontroller are used for power, ground, oscillator, input
output ports, interrupted request signals, reset and control. In contrast the
pins exposed by a microprocessor are most often memory bus signals (rather than
input output ports). A microcontroller is not same as a microprocessor. A
microprocessor is a single chip cpu and within other computer systems. A
microcontroller is itself is a single chip computer system.
2.1.1.1
Microcontroller in a system:
Microcontrollers
are designed to control other devices. Microcontrollers do not function in
isolation. It can accept input from some devices and provided to other devices
within any given system. For example microcontroller may accept input from
switch and may send output to LED. The microcontroller is often a part of a
larger system for example the switch and led may be part of a compact disc
player in a car stereo system. When a microcontroller becomes a part of larger
system, it is often referred to as an embedded controller because it is
embedded within the larger system.
2.1.1.2
Microcontroller programming:
Any
microcontroller system consists of two primary components hardware and
software. The hardware is the actual physical components of the system. The
software is list of instruction that resides inside the hardware. First the hardware
is designed and the software program is written to "control it".
The
major consideration in circuit design is how to store program. Instead of using
disc storage, most microcontroller circuit store their program on chip. For
small volume production, EPROM has become the most popular method of program
storage for long period, beside EPROM, other options include EEPROM, ROM, non
volatile or battery backed, RAM, flash EPROM the program memory may be in the
microcontroller chop, or in a separate component to save a program in EPROM, we
must set the EPROMs data and address pins to the appropriate logic level for
each address and apply special programming process sometimes called burning the
EPROM. Exposing the chips quartz window and the circuits beneath it to
ultraviolet energy erases the contents. Some microcontroller contain a one time
programmable, or field programmable, EPROM. This type has no window, so its
contents can not be erased, but of its low cost than a windowed IC, it will be
a good choice when a program is finished and the device is ready for quantity
production. Several techniques are available for programming EPROMs and other
memory chips. With a manual programmer, flip switches can be used to toggle
each bit and program the EPROM byte by byte. This is acceptable for short
programs, but quickly becomes tedious with a program of any length. Computer
control simplifies the job greatly. With an EPROM programmer that connects to a
personnel computer, programs can e written using keyboard, save it to disc if
necessary, and store the program in EPROM with few easy steps. Data sheets for
EPROMs rarely specify the number of erasing and re programming cycles that a
device is guaranteed for, but a typical EPRM should endure 100 erase/ program
cycle and usually many more.
For this project, we have used Atmel's
89S52 flash EPROM. The AT89S52 is a
low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of
in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer,
two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for
operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power
saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
2.1.1.3
Pin Configuration:
Fig: 2.1) AT98s52
2.2.1.4 Pin
Description
VCC: Supply
voltage.
GND: Ground
Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port,
each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins,
the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be
configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to
external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port
0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code
bytes during program verification.
Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal
pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups
and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
In addition, P1.0
and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input
(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as
shown in the following table.
Port Pin
|
Alternate Functions
|
P1.0
|
T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2),
clock-out
|
P1.1
|
T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger
and direction control)
|
P1.5
|
MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
|
P1.6
|
MISO (used for In-System Programming)
|
P1.7
|
SCK (used for In-System Programming)
|
Table: 2.1 Port 1
alternate functions
Port 1 also
receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal
pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s
are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and
can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the
high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during
accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In
this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2
emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives
the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming
and verification.
Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal
pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s
are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and
can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some
control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the
functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following
table.
Port Pin
|
Alternate Functions
|
P3.0
|
RXD (serial input port)
|
P3.1
|
TXD (serial output port)
|
P3.2
|
INT0 (external interrupt 0)
|
P3.3
|
INT1 (external interrupt 1)
|
P3.4
|
T0 (timer 0 external input)
|
P3.5
|
T1 (timer 1 external input)
|
P3.6
|
WR (external data memory write strobe)
|
P3.7
|
RD (external data memory read strobe)
|
Table: 2.2 Port 3
alternate functions
RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while
the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98
oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR
(address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit
DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of
the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal
operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data
memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of
SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the
ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to
external program memory.
When the AT89S52 is
executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access
to external data memory.
EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA
will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2: Output
from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Fig: 2.2) Block
Diagram of AT89s52
3.1.2:
Photodiode:
Photodiodes
are semiconductor light sensors that generate a current or voltage when the P-N
junction in the semiconductor is illuminated by light. The term photodiode can
be broadly defined to include even solar batteries, but it usually refers to
sensors used to detect the intensity of light. Photodiodes can be classified by
function and construction as follows:
Features:
Ø Excellent
linearity with respect to incident light.\
Ø Low
noise
Ø Wide
spectral response
Ø Mechanically
rugged
Ø Compact
and lightweight
Ø Long
life
3.1.2.1
Principle of operation:
Figure
shows a cross section of a photodiode. The p- layer material at the active
surface and the N material at the active surface and the N material at the
substrate form a PN junction which operate3s as a photoelectric converter. The
usual P-layer for a Si photodiode is formed by selective diffusion of boron, to
a thickness of approximately 1 micrometer or less and the neutral region at the
junction between the P- and N- layers is
known as the depletion layer. By controlling the thickness of the outer
P-layer, substrate N- layer and bottom N+-response and frequency response can
be controlled. When light strikes a photodiode, the electron within the crystal
structure becomes stimulated. If the light energy is greater than the band gap
energy Eg, the electrons are pulled up into the conduction band, leaving holes
in their place in valance band. (see figure1.2)
These electron hole pairs occur throughout the P-layer, depletion layer
and N-layer materials. In the depletion layer the electric field accelerates
these electrons toward the N-layer and the holes toward the P-layer. F the
electron hole pairs generated in the N-layer, the electrons, along with
electrons that have arrived from the P-layer, are left in the N-layer
conduction band. The holes at this time are being diffused through the N-layer
up to the depletion layer while being. In this manner, electron hole pairs
which are generated in proportion to the amount of incident light are collected
in the N- and P-layers. This results in a positive charge in the P- layer and a
negative charge in the N-layer. If an external circuit is connected between the
P- and N-layers, electrons will flow away from the N-layer, and holes will flow
away from the P-layer toward the opposite respective electrons. These electrons
and holes generation a current flow in a semiconductor are called the carriers.
Fig:
2.3) Photodiode cross section
Fig:
2.4)Photodiode P-N junction state
2.1.3:.Power MOSFETs:
A power MOSFETs is a voltage controller
device and requires only a small input current. The switching speed is very
high and the switching times are of the order of nanoseconds. Power MOSFETs are
finding increasing application in low power high frequency converters. MOSFETs
do not have the problem of second breakdown phenomena, as do BJTS. However,
MOSFETs have the problem of electrostatics discharge and required special care
in handling. In addition, it is relatively difficult to protect them under
short circuited fault conditions.
Enhancement
mosfets:
An n-channel
enhancement type mosfet has no physical channel, as shown in figure below. If
Vgs is positive, an induced voltage will attract the electrons from the
P-substrate and accumulate them at the surface beneath the oxide layer. If Vgs
is greater than or equal to a value known as threshold voltage, Vt, a sufficient
number of electron are accumulates to form virtual n channel and the current
flows from the drain to source. The polarities of Vds, Ids and Vgs are reversed
for a P-channel Enhancement type mosfet.
Fig :2.5) N- Channel Enhancement type MOSFETs
Fig : 2.6) Transfer
characteristics of N- Channel Enhancement type Mosfets
2.1.4 Liquid
Crystal Display:
This section deals with the character-based
LCD modules that use the Hitachi HD44780 ( or compatible) controller chip.
These modules are not quite advance as the largest generation, full size full
color, back-lit types used in today's laptop computer, but far from being
" phased out" character- based
LCDS are still used extensively in commercial and industrial equipment,
particularly where display requirements are reasonably simple
3.1.4.1 Shapes and
Sizes:
Even limited to
character-based modules, there are still a wide Varity of shapes and sizes
available. Line lengths of 8, 16, 20, 24, 32 and 40 characters are all
standard, in one, two and four line versions. Several different liquid crystal
technologies exit. "Super twist” types, for examples, offer improved
contrast and viewing angle over the" twisted nematic" types. Some
modules are available with backlighting, so that they can be viewed in dimly
lit conditions. The backlighting may be either "electro-luminescent"
requiring a high voltage inverter circuit, or simpler LED illumination.(5)
3.1.4.2 Connection:
Most LCD modules
conform to a standard interface specification. A 14 pins access is provided
having 8 data lines, control lines and 3 power lines. The connections are laid
in one of two common configuration, either two rows of 7 pins, or a single row
of 14 pins. The pin configurations are displayed in figure show below:
Fig 2.7) Pin
Configuration of LCD 16*2
Pin No.
|
Name
|
Description
|
Pin
no. 1
|
VSS
|
Power
supply (GND)
|
Pin
no. 2
|
VCC
|
Power
supply (+5V)
|
Pin
no. 3
|
VEE
|
Contrast
adjust
|
Pin
no. 4
|
RS
|
0
= Instruction input
1 = Data input |
Pin
no. 5
|
R/W
|
0
= Write to LCD module
1 = Read from LCD module |
Pin
no. 6
|
EN
|
Enable
signal
|
Pin
no. 7
|
D0
|
Data
bus line 0 (LSB)
|
Pin
no. 8
|
D1
|
Data
bus line 1
|
Pin
no. 9
|
D2
|
Data
bus line 2
|
Pin
no. 10
|
D3
|
Data
bus line 3
|
Pin
no. 11
|
D4
|
Data
bus line 4
|
Pin
no. 12
|
D5
|
Data
bus line 5
|
Pin
no. 13
|
D6
|
Data
bus line 6
|
Pin
no. 14
|
D7
|
Data
bus line 7 (MSB)
|
Table:2.3 Pin
description of LCD
2.1.4.3 Pins
Descriptions:
Pin 1 and 2: Pins 1
and 2 are the power supply lines, Vss and Vdd. The Vdd pin should be connected
to the positive supply and Vss to the 0v supply or ground.
Although the LCD,
module data sheets specify a 5v dc supply (at only a few miliamps) supplies of
6Vm and 4.5 both work well, and even 3v is sufficient for some modules.
Consequently, batteries can effectively and economically power these modules.
Pin 3: Pin 3 is
control pin; Vee is used to alert the contrast of the display. Ideally, this
pin should be connected to a variable voltage supply. A preset potentiometer
connection between the power supply lines, with its wiper connected to the
contrast pin is suitable in many cases, but be aware that some modules may
required a negative potential; as low as 7v in some cases.
Pin 5: Pin 5 is the
read/write (r/w) line. This input is used to initiate the actual transfer of
commands or character data to the module, or pulled high to read character data
or status information from its registers.
Pin 6: Pin 6 is the
Enable (E) line. This input is used to initiate the actual transfer of commands
or character data between the modules and the data lines. When writing to the
display, data is transferred only on ht high to low transition of this signal.
However, when reading from the display. Data will become available shortly
after the low to high transition and remain available until the signal falls
low again.
Pin 7-14: Pin 7 to
14 is the eight data bus line (D0 to D7). Data can be transferred to and from
the display, either as a single 8- bit "nibbles". In the latter case,
only the upper four data lines (d4 to D7) are used, this 4-bit mode is beneficial
when suing a microcontroller. As fewer input/output lines are required.
2.1.4.4 Basic
command:
When power is on,
the display shows a series of dark squares possibly only on the part of
display. The character cells are actually in their off state, so the contrast
control should be adjusted anti clockwise until the squares are only just
visible. The display module resets itself to an initial state when power is
applied, which curiously the display has blanked off, so that even if
characters are entered, they cannot be seen. It is therefore necessary to issue
a command at this point, to switch the display on.
A full list of the
command s that can be sent is listed in the datasheet, together with their
binary and hexadecimal values. The initial conditions of the LCD after power on
are marked with an asterisk. Here, emphasis is on the binary value being sent
since this illustrates switch data bits set for each command. After each binary
value, the equivalent hexadecimal value is quoted in brackets, indicated by $ prefix.
For the details of these basic commands, refer to the appendix (data sheet of
LCD)
Code HEX
|
Command to LCD Instruction Register
|
1
|
Clear display screen
|
2
|
Return Home
|
4
|
Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
|
5
|
Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
|
6
|
shift display right
|
7
|
shift display left
|
8
|
Display off, cursor off
|
A
|
Display off, cursor on
|
C
|
Display on, cursor off
|
E
|
Display on, cursor blinking
|
F
|
Display on, cursor blinking
|
10
|
Shift cursor position to left
|
14
|
Shift cursor position to right
|
18
|
Shift the entire display to the left
|
1C
|
Shift the entire display to the right
|
80
|
force cursor to the beginning of 1st line
|
C0
|
Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd line
|
38
|
2 lines and 5 x 7 matrix
|
Table: 2.4 Command Code
2.1.5 BC547
Features:
· Low current (max. 100 mA)
· Low voltage (max. 65 V).
Application:
· General purpose switching and
amplification.
Fig: 2.7 Pin
configuration of BC547
CHAPTER
3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Block Diagram:
The
main objective of the project is to design a vending machine based on
microcontroller. This system works accurately as other vending machine. The
system consists of mainly three parts: first part is mechanical part (coin
part), second part is hardware part whose block diagram is shown below and
third part is software part.
Fig:
3.1 Block Diagram of the system
In
the coin unit, IR LED, photodiode and transistor (BC547) is used as input
sensors for microcontroller. When the coin is inserted as an input, the light
in photodiode gets blocked and the output of the photodiode is zero. Then it
reverses biased transistors, which operate the microcontroller.
In
the display unit, the main portion is Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). By
interfacing microcontroller with LCD we will display various options for the
users to interpret the machine. And as per the choice displayed and pressed the
product is supplied to the user.
In
microcontroller unit, we have used AT89s52. As per the coding done to it, it
operates. When the timer triggers the microcontroller, it operates as per the
instruction stored and hardware gets controlled. Then the LCD displays the
instruction to be followed and proceeds towards the desired output.
In
the drink supply unit, the main part is water pump which is controlled by the
motor which is further control by the microcontroller. With the desired
programmed the pump is controlled and the drinks are made to flow as per via
dispenser.
CHAPTER
5: PROBLEM FACED AND LIMITATION
5.1
Problem Faced
During the course of
the making of project, we have faced a lot of problems from various aspects.
The main part of our project, for the flow control mechanism is the solenoid
valve. This part is not easily available in the market. Finally, we used a
water pump instead of solenoid valve which is comparably a low price device.
Another important part is in taking input of the coin and processing. The part
being mechanical we faced very serious problem in interfacing with the
electronics. Another problem is the framework design to cope with the
electronic parts. Time limit is also another serious problem that we have deal
with due to which we have to rush and have to compromise in so many fields.
Anyway we have tried to do our best in our context.
5.2
Limitation
The vending machine is
commercially completely automatic and no need of manpower for its operations.
In our final product, certain frauds can be done by using the replica of token
(or coin) of the same physical dimension. As per the desire of customer, we are
not able to provide the varying volume of the drinks. Also we are not able to
show clearly source drinks’ indication.
5.3
Further Improvements
As per the limitations and due to problems we faced,
we are not able to carry out our project to the utmost. For the further
improvements, we can do as follows:
v Extend for more
drinks, beverages, cigarette, tickets etc.
v Complete
automation. (without human effort)
v Improve for
varying volume.
v Enhancement by
the use of smart cards (ATM, Credit cards, Debit cards)
v Token detection
unit can be genuinely advanced.
v Level indication
in the source of the supply unit can be installed.
v Entire framework
can be made more attractive, feasible and user friendly.
Chapter 4: COST
ESTIMATION
The total cost of our
project is basically the sum of mechanical, hardware and software cost.
Hardware is the major cost in our project. It accounts for 80 % of the cost.
The table and table
give an idea about the components used in our project along with their quantity
and cost. The extra expenditure required for the necessary arrangements for the
demonstration of the vending machine is not included in the table.
S.N.
|
COMPONENT NAME
|
UANTITY
|
RATE(Rs.)
|
AMOUNT
|
1
|
Transistors (BC547)
|
2
|
35
|
70
|
2
|
Voltage
Regulator(LM7805/12)
|
3
|
50
|
150
|
3
|
Zip Socket(40 pins)
|
1
|
250
|
250
|
4
|
Microcontroller-IC
AT89S52
|
1
|
200
|
200
|
5
|
IR LED(Light Emitting
Diode)
|
5
|
15
|
75
|
6
|
Water pump
|
2
|
|
|
7
|
Photodiode
|
2
|
15
|
30
|
8
|
IC Socket(8pins)
|
2
|
50
|
100
|
9
|
Crystal
Oscillator-11MHz
|
1
|
40
|
40
|
10
|
LCD(16*2 matrix)
|
1
|
525
|
525
|
11
|
Push Button
|
3
|
15
|
30
|
12
|
Transformers(6-0-6)
|
1
|
180
|
180
|
13
|
Resistor(1K,10K,8.2K)
|
6 packets
|
5
|
30
|
14
|
Capacitors(34pF)
|
2
|
15
|
30
|
15
|
Capacitors(100µF,100µ
F,1000µF)
|
2 Packets
|
40
|
80
|
16
|
Connecting wires
|
2m
|
8
|
16
|
17
|
Proto Board(small)
|
1
|
65
|
65
|
18
|
S-Con
Connectors(2,12)
|
7
|
10
|
70
|
19
|
Reset Switch
|
1
|
4
|
4
|
20
|
Diode 4007
|
12
|
5
|
60
|
21
|
Ribbon Wire
|
1
|
25
|
25
|
22
|
Power Supply Cord
|
1
|
22
|
22
|
23
|
Rivets
|
75
|
0.8
|
60
|
24
|
Aluminum angel(90 degree)
|
2
|
240
|
480
|
25
|
Bolt
|
50
|
3
|
150
|
26
|
PVC Transparent Sheet
(4x3)”
|
1
|
100
|
100
|
27
|
PCB board(Big)
|
2
|
70
|
140
|
28
|
PCB Board(Small)
|
2
|
10
|
20
|
TOTAL COST
|
8102
|
Table
4.1 Cost Estimation of the project
Conclusion
In the recent time use of digital is increasing day
by day due to their accuracy and feasibility. Since the system operation mainly
depends on high level programming, we
can extend the system as our interest and requirements. This system is time
saving, portable, affordable, consumes less power and can be made easily
available so that the user can use this system whenever and wherever.
In the contests of world people are so much busy.
They have no time to bargain for buying anything. Due to the time saving of our
vending machine people can use this device in busy area like Airport, Bank, and
Office etc. We can believe that this system will replace other selling machine
and takes market all over the world.
Recommendation
for further work
This project is designed to provide high accuracy
and cost effectiveness, but Photodiode is used as sensor of coin. If a user
inserts something having same physical dimension with coin, the system work. If
we use weight sensor together, magnetic sensor and light sensor, this
limitation can be improved.
Drink level indicator has not put in this system.
Problem may arise when Coke and Fanta is finished. Hence drink level indicator
must insert in this system.
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